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From Borland Pascal to GNU Pascal

This chapter is intended to be a QuickStart guide for programmers who are familiar with Borland Pascal, version 7 for DOS protected mode. Other versions don't differ too much but this one is the very last DOS version Borland has published.

Borland compatibility

Unlike other free compilers, GNU Pascal is not intended to be 100% Borland compatible. GNU Pascal is part of the GNU project, so portability between different machines is one of its primary goals. For this reason, non-portable features of Borland Pascal will probably not be included into GNU Pascal. Some other differences are so minimal that we have more important things to do than to implement them.

However if you want to contribute to GNU Pascal by eliminating holes in GPC's Borland compatibility, be welcome in the GNU Pascal development team! See section How you can contribute to GNU Pascal for details.

IDE versus command line

On the DOS platform with DJGPP, you can use the RHIDE for GNU Pascal; check the subdirectories of your DJGPP distribution.

Unfortunately, there is no IDE which would run on all platforms. We are working on it, but this will take some time. Please be patient--or offer your help!

Without an IDE, the GNU Pascal Compiler, GPC, is called about like the command-line version of the Borland Pascal Compiler, BPC. Edit your source file(s) with your favorite ASCII editor, then call GNU Pascal with a command line like

  C:\GNU-PAS> gpc hello.pas -o hello.exe

on your DOS or OS/2 box (with EMX you may omit the `-o ...') or

  myhost/home/joe/gnu-pascal> gpc hello.pas -o hello

on your UNIX (or UNIX-compatible) system. Don't omit the suffix `.pas': GPC is a common interface for a Pascal compiler, a C, ObjC and C++ compiler, an assembler, a linker, and perhaps a Modula and FORTRAN compiler. From the extension of your source file GPC figures out which processor to run.

The -o is a command line option which tells GPC how the executable has to be named. This is not necessary for DOS and OS/2 with EMX; it is necessary for DOS with DJGPP.

Note that GPC is case-sensitive concerning file names, so it will not work if you type

  C:\GNU-PAS> GPC HELLO.PAS -O HELLO.EXE

GPC is a very quiet compiler and doesn't print anything on the screen unless you request it or there is an error. If you want to see what is going on, invoke GPC with additional options:

  -Q            "don't be quiet"  (or: Quassel-Modus in German)

(with capital `Q'!) means that GPC prints out the names of procedures and functions it processes, and

  --verbose

means that GPC informs you about the stages of compilation, i.e. preprocessing, compiling, assembling, and linking.

One example (this time for OS/2):

  [C:\GNU-Pascal] gpc --verbose -Q hello.pas

Throughout this chapter, we will tell you about a lot of command-line switches. They are all invoked this way.

After compilation, there will be an executable hello file in the current directory. (hello.exe with DOS and OS/2.) Just run it and enjoy. If there are errors, GNU Pascal will not stop compilation after the first one--as Borland Pascal does--but try to catch them all in one compilation. If you get more error messages than your screen can hold, you can catch them in a file (e.g. gpc.out) in the following way:

  gpc hello.pas 2>gpc.out

This works with OS/2 and any bash-like shell under UNIX; for DOS you must get a replacement for command.com which supports this kind of redirection (see also the DJGPP FAQ).

You can also use Borland's IDE for GNU Pascal on the DOS platform: Install the GNU Pascal Compiler in the Tools menu (via Options/Tools).

  Name:       GNU Pascal
  Path:       gpc
  Arguments:  $SAVE ALL --verbose -Q $NAME($EDNAME).pas
  HotKey:     Shift+F9

Note once more that GPC is case-sensitive, so it is important to specify .pas instead of the .PAS Borland Pascal would append otherwise!

You can include more command-line arguments to GNU Pascal (e.g. `--automake'; see below) as you will learn more about them.

Since Borland Pascal will try to recompile your program if you use its run menu function, you will need another "tool" to run your program:

  Name:       run program
  Path:       command.com
  Arguments:  /c $NAME($EDNAME)
  HotKey:     Shift+F10

Comments and compiler directives

According to ISO 7185 and ISO 10206 standard, GNU Pascal can recognize comments opened with (* and closed with }. With Borland Pascal, both types of comments can be nested, so you will probably have sources where passages containing comments are "commented out". GPC's default behavior is to allow nested comments, so you don't need to worry about this. However you can switch it off either by a command-line option, or by a compiler directive:

  --no-nested-comments     {$N-}    (*$N-*)

The $N directive also exists in BP but has another meaning. The same holds for most of GPC's other compiler directives (also corresponding to command-line options in most cases):

  --short-circuit     $B+ $B-  like in Borland Pascal:
                               $B- means short-circuit Boolean
                               operators; $B+ complete evaluation

  --c-numbers         $C+ $C-  enable/disable C-style octal 0177
                               and hexadecial 0xFF numbers

  --char-escapes      $E+ $E-  enable/disable C-style character
                               escape sequences in strings

  --nested-comments   $N+ $N-  see above

  --pedantic          $P+ $P-  give/don't give portability warnings

                      $W+ $W-  enable/disable warnings

                      $X+ $X-  enable/disable extended syntax
                               (function return value ignore,
                               operator definitions)

  --borland-pascal             disable or warn about GPC features
                               not supported by Borland Pascal;
                               do not warn about "dangerous" BP
                               features

  {$I FileName }               include filename.pas or
                               filename.p (make it lowercase)

  {$include "filename.pas"}    include (case-sensitive)

  {$include <filename.pas>}    the same, but don't search in
                               current directory

  {$M Hello!}                  write message "Hello!" to error
                               device during compilation

  {$D GNU}                     define GNU (for conditional
  {$define GNU}                compilation)

  -D GNU                       the same in command line

  {$D loop while true do}      define "loop" to be "while
                               true do" as a macro like in C.
                               It is case-sensitive.

  {$ifdef GNU}                 conditional compilation
    ...                        (like in Borland Pascal).
  {$else}                      GPC predefines the symbol
    ...                        __GPC__ (with two leading
  {$endif}                     and trailing underscores).

You also can use C-style preprocessor directives, e.g. `#include.'

As in Borland Pascal, {$...} and (*$...*) are equivalent.

Units, GPI files and AutoMake

You can use Units in the same way as in Borland Pascal. However, there are some differences, problems and new features. (Please report the bug if something doesn't work.)

Concerning the syntax of a Unit, you can, if you want, use Extended Pascal syntax to specify a Unit initializer, i.e. instead of writing

  begin
    ...
  end.

at the end of the Unit, you can get the same result with

  to begin do
    begin
      ...
    end (* to begin *);

and there also exists

  to end do
    begin
      ...
    end (* to end *);

which specifies a finalization routine. Use this instead of Borland Pascal's exit procedures. You also can specify an order in which initializers are run--see section GNU Pascal extensions and section About Pascal and Extended Pascal languages for more about this. There you can also find information about Extended Pascal Modules, an alternative to Units.

At the moment, there are no qualified identifiers, so take care about name clashes between different Units.

When GPC compiles a Unit, it produces two files: an .o object file (compatible with other GNU compilers such as GNU C) plus a precompiled Interface which resides in a .gpi file. (See section GPI files--GNU Pascal Interfaces for GPI file internals.)

GPC does not automatically recognize that something is a Unit and cannot be linked; you have to tell this by a command line switch:

  -c            only compile, don't link.

For example, to compile two units, use:

  gpc -c myunit1.pas myunit2.pas

Of course, one of the purposes of writing Units is to compile them separately. However, GNU Pascal allows you to have one or more Units in the same source file (producing only one .o file but separate .gpi files). You even can have a Program and Units in one and the same source file; in this case, no .o file is produced at all.

You can use the above as a workaround (*$include the Unit *) in case something goes wrong with the .gpi mechanism. (It is a new feature in GPC 2.0 and may be unstable.)

When you have all Units compiled and want to compile the Program, specify the .o files in the command line:

  gpc hallo.pas myunit1.o myunit2.o

You also can specify the program and the units in one command line:

  gpc hallo.pas myunit1.pas myunit2.pas

As an alternative to manually compiling and specifying object files, you can use GPC's AutoMake feature. (Warning: This is a new feature in GPC 2.0 and may be unstable!) With an additional command-line argument

  gpc --automake hallo.pas

GPC tries to behave like Borland Pascal's make facility and automatically recompiles Units the source of which has been changed. It also works if an included file has been changed.

To pass arguments to the compilation of Units, specify them in a string surrounded by quotation marks after --automake=. For example, if you want to give the --verbose argument not only at top level but also for (re)compilation of Units, use:

  gpc --verbose --automake="--verbose" hallo.pas

For more information about the AutoMake mechanism, see section GPC's AutoMake Mechanism--How it Works.

Optimization

GNU Pascal is a 32 bit compiler with excellent optimization algorithms (which are identically the same as those of GNU C). There are three optimization levels, specified by the command line options `-O', `-O2', and `-O3'. (Levels up to `-O6' are worked on.)

One example:

  Program Test;

  Var
    A, B: Integer;

  begin
    A:= 3;
    B:= 4;
    writeln ( A + B );
  end.

When GNU Pascal compiles this program with optimization, it recognizes that the argument of writeln is the constant 7--and optimizes away the variables A and B.

For more about optimization, see the GNU C documentation.

Debugging

The command line option `-g' specifies generation of debugging information for GDB, the GNU debugger. GDB is not as comfortable as the Turbo Debugger, but it has the same abilities but one: The program being debugged is slowed down. For more information about GDB, call it (with `gdb') and type in the help command.

GDB has one very nice feature which might even make up for the slowing-down problematic: When a GNU-compiled program crashes, it puts out a core file. When you say "target core core" to the GNU debugger, it reads the core file and can tell you the address of the crash, the contents of variables and of the stack, and so on.

Sometimes it is nice to have a look at the assembler output of the compiler. When you specify the -S command line option, GPC produces an .s file instead of an .o file which contains assembler source for your program. More about this in the next section.

See also "Notes for debugging" in the "Bugs" chapter; see section Known bugs and inconveniences; how to report bugs.

GPC inline assembler

GNU Pascal has an inline assembler, but it is quite different from Borland's one. I have not yet found reasonable documentation about the use of this assembler, but I found out the following:

The syntax is

  asm ( 'movl $12345678, %eax' );
  asm ( 'movl %eax, %edx' );

to move the (hex) value `$12345678' to the EAX register and then to the EDX register. The String argument of the asm "procedure" is passed as a string to the assembler stage of the compilation. The assembler follows the AT&T, not the Intel syntax. Note that the order of operands is reversed with respect to the order you know from Intel assemblers and that the size of the arguments is appended to the mnemonic as a suffix b (byte), w (word = 2 bytes), or l (long = 4 bytes).

You can learn about the GNU assembler syntax when compiling your program with `-S' (see above) and looking into the resulting assembler source.

To access Pascal symbols from the assembler, do something like

  asm ( 'movl %%eax, %0' : : 'rm' ( MyVariable ) );

Here, the % signs in front of the register names are doubled because % gets some special meaning. The 'rm' means that the operand may be in a register or in memory.

(More about this is in preparation.)

Objects

Objects in the Borland Pascal 7.0 notation are implemented into GNU Pascal with the following differences:

Strings

Strings are "Schema types" in GNU Pascal which is something more complicated than Borland-style strings. For variables, you cannot specify just String as a type (always specify the maximum length); for parameters you can. There is no 255 length limit. According to Extended Pascal, the maximum string length must be in (parantheses); GNU Pascal accepts [brackets], however.

For more about Strings and Schema types see section GNU Pascal extensions and section About Pascal and Extended Pascal languages.

String-handling functions (see section GNU Pascal extensions) are different in both dialects but can approximately be mapped on each other:

  Borland Pascal          GNU Pascal

  length                  length
  Pos                     Index
  Str                     WriteStr
  Val                     ReadStr
  Copy                    SubStr, MyStr [ 2..7 ]
  MyStr [ 0 ]:= #7;       Trim
    -                     EQ, NE, LT, LE, GT, GE
  Insert                    -
  Delete                    -

It should not be difficult to write a compatibility Unit--if you do so, please send it to us!

Typed constants

GNU Pascal supports Borland Pascal's "typed constants" but also Extended Pascal's initialized variables:

  Var
    x: Integer value 7;

When a typed constant is misused as an initialized variable, a warning is given unless you specify `--borland-pascal'.

When you initialize a record, you may omit the field names. When you initialize an array, you may provied indices with a :. However this additional information is ignored completely, so perhaps it's best for the moment only to provide the values ...

When you want a local variable to preserve its value, define it as `__static__' instead of using a typed constant:

  Procedure Foo;

  Var
    x: __static__ Real;

  begin (* Foo *)
    (* x keeps its value between two calls to this Procedure *)
  end (* Foo *);

Remark: If you don't like underscores, you can use the (*$define *) mechanism to get rid of them:

  (*$define static __static__ *)

Bit, byte and memory manipulation

The (non-standard) bitwise operators `shl', `shr', `and', `or', `xor' work in GNU Pascal like in Borland Pascal. As an extension, you can use them as "procedures", for examples

  and ( x, $0000FFFF );

as an alternative to

  x:= x and $0000FFFF;

Instead of the Borland-specific notation `$ABCD' for hexadecimal numbers you also can use Extended Pascal notation:

   2#11111111   for a binary,
   8#177        for an octal,
  16#FF         for a hexadecimal number,

and so on up to a basis of 36.

`Inc' and `dec' are implemented like in Borland Pascal; pred and succ are generalized according to Extended Pascal:

  a:= succ ( a, 5 );

`Absolute' variables work only in the context of overloading with other variables, not in the context of specifying an absolute address. The `Mem' and `Port' arrays don't exist in GNU Pascal.

Borland Pascal's procedures FillChar and move are not built-in into GNU Pascal. You can write them by yourself using untyped `Var' parameters (see section Data types in BP and GPC).

User-defined operators in GPC

GNU Pascal allows the user to define operators according to the Pascal-SC syntax:

  Type
    Point = record
      x, y: Real;
    end (* Point *);

  Operator + ( a, b: Point ) c: Point;

  begin (* Point + Point *)
    c.x:= a.x + b.x;
    c.y:= a.y + b.y;
  end (* Point + Point *);

The Pascal-SC operators `+>', `+<', etc. for exact numerical calculations are not implemented, but you can define them. If you write a module which really implements these operators, please send it to us, so we can include it into the next distribution.

(And if you know more about modules in Pascal-SC than just their existence, please contact us either! We could probably easily implement them if we knew how they look like. Something quite close to Pascal-SC modules already is implemented as "GNU specific modules".)

Data types in BP and GPC

Files

Built-in constants

Built-in operators in BP and GPC

Built-in Procedures and Functions

Parameters

Miscellaneous


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